A Comparison between Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich and James Joyce’s Araby

One day in the life of Ivan Desinovich by Aleksander Solyztien is story of a hero’s quest of survival in a hostile environment. The novel is a very detailed and graphic description of one man’s struggle in a Stalinist work camp. It is the story of Ivan Denisovich, also called Shukhov, and his determination and strength to endure the hardships of imprisonment and dehumanization. The story takes place in a Russian prison camp after World War II. Ivan Shukhov Denisovich, the main character, is sentenced to a prison camp after having been a prisoner of the Germans during the war.The camp conveys a hopeless situation that only human integrity can overcome. : Araby by James Joyce is a romantic quest about a young boy who falls in love and pursues his quest of bringing something for his loved one from a place he thinks to be exotic and unexplored. On comparing these two literary works, there are some similarities as well as differences. Even though both the literary works are different kinds of quest, One day in the life of Ivan Desinovich being a survival quest and Araby being a romantic quest, both bear similar elements that define a quest.Firstly, the protagonists in both literary works are heroes and exceptional beings who have struggled courageously. Secondly the protagonists undergo through the process of mental transformation and death and rebirth of self. The only difference is that One day in the life of Ivan Desinovich is a dull and depressing novel about a prisoner who struggles to survive whole Araby is refreshing and joyous story about an innocent child’s first love. Both literary works bear some similar quest elements and also differences. The essential element of a quest is the hero and his conflict.Heroes are those who have found or done something beyond the normal range of experience and it takes action for a cause greater than oneself and are motivated by some kind of ideal or a reasonable thought. This element is apparent in bot h works. Firstly, Ivan Desinovich can be called a hero as who has survived for many years in the camp or gulag without losing mental balance and self respect. This is an unusual achievement as it is difficult to preserve sense of humanity and self-dignity which Shukhov has achieved, unlike others who have become savage.Such was Shukhov’s sense of pride and self-respect who would â€Å"never lower himself like that Fetiukov, he would never look at a man’s mouth. †(p 22) Secondly, the protagonist of Araby is a kid who falls in love with a girl and desires to explore the exotic location called Araby. This is also an unusual thing as this is the first the protagonist goes to a journey without any past experience and imagines the place to be really exotic and having a magical enchantment.This is evident when the protagonist expresses his feelings and imagination by saying, â€Å"The syllables of the word Araby were called to me through the silence in which my soul l uxuriated and cast an Eastern enchantment over me. †Thirdly, the protagonists in both the novels are motivated in a certain way. For Shukov, this motivation was the need to go home and help the family as the narrator says â€Å"His wife's dearest hope was that when he got home he would keep clear of the kolkhoz and take up dyeing himself.That way they could get out of the poverty she was struggling against, send their children to trade schools, and build themselves a new cottage in place of their old tumble-down place†( pg 129). The child in Araby however, is strongly movitated by promise he made to his loved one to bring something and is greatly enthusiastic when the author says â€Å"I had hardly any patience with the serious work of life which, now that it stood between me and my desire, seemed to me child's play, ugly monotonous child's play. † Another element of a quest is that the hero undergoes mental transformation.In this process, the old ideas and think ing of the hero disintegrates and he begins to view life with a new perspective. This process helps the character heavily in maturing him/her. The protagonists of the two literary works also find themselves changed and possessing a new attitude. Firstly, Ivan Desinovich change of the habit of planning ahead is indicated when the narrator says During the years in prison Shukhov had lost the habit of planning for the next day, for a year ahead, for supporting his family.The authorities did his thinking for him about everything—it was somehow easier that way† (pg 122). Secondly, in the narrative Araby, a small child’s innocence and love is killed and replaced by vanity, anguish and anger. The innocent child who imagines sweet day dreams about love surprisingly says â€Å"Gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity; and my eyes burned with anguish and anger. In this way the reader can see that both the protagonists go through the process of mental transformation where their premature ideas about love, old notions and opinions are replaced with more mature conclusions and realistic as well as a serious perspective for life. Differences also exist as far as the plot and the mood of the works are concerned. Although these literary works contain similar quest qualities, there are some differences that draw a line between the two.Firslty Even though the novel One day in the life of Ivan Desinovich gives the readers a strong message about preserving self dignity, it remains a dull and depressing novel whereas Araby generates a healthy response and attitude from readers as it contains innocent and lively story about a child’s first love which the readers also identify with. One day in the life of Ivan Desinovich is a dull novel because it makes the readers aware of the physical and mental tortures on prisoners. Secondly, Araby gives the readers a happy impression with the theme of love of a young boy.The audience identify with the condition and the protagonist’s idealization about the lover and this keeps them indulged in the story which is completely contradictory with the theme of a prisoner’s life where the reader is faced with a complete alien as well as a cruel environment. Thirdly, In Ivan desinoich, the author uses characterization, motifs and figurative language to express the dehumazing environment of the gulag whereas in Araby, the author uses personification and characterization to show the contrasting happy and flowering mood.In One day in the life of Ivan Desinovich the author uses motifs of evil by institutions such as â€Å"Come on; paw me as hard as you like. There’s nothing but my soul in my chest. † Pg 25 and â€Å"‘No one would care if a prisoner froze to death, but what if he tried to escape? † Pg 38 and also charactherization such as ‘all his longing was concentrated in that fag-end [of the cigarette] –which meant more to him now, it seemed, than freedom itself: but he would never lower himself like that Fetiukov, he would never look at a man’s mouth’ Pg 22.In Araby, however the author James Joyce uses personification such as â€Å"My body was like a harp and her words and gestures were the fingers (pg 182 1st para last line)† trying to show the reader the happy mood and idealization by the protagonist. Thus differences result in the different moods of the novel. Both the literary works thus follow the direction of a hero’s quest. Even though both follow different type of quests, there are some general similar quest elements such as presence of a hero who is an exceptional being, mental transformation of this hero and certain motivation of the hero for quest.While the protagonist in One day in the life of Ivan Desinovich struggles to survive in an inhuman environment, protagonist in Araby aims to explore an alien market in order to bring something for his lo ved one. One day in the life of Ivan Desinovich therefore, is a survival quest whereas Araby is an romantic quest. However, their themes contrast drastically. While One day in the life of Ivan Desinovich offers depressing and serious story, Araby is about first love. In this way, both literary works bear certain similarities and differences.

Stress Management and Its Causes

Stress is a term used by many, is somewhat misunderstood, and often used to describe a negative condition or emotional state. People experience various forms of stress at home, work, in social settings, and when engaged in activities to simply have fun. Police officer†s experience stresses the same as others, but also in ways much different than the average citizen. The dangers, violence, and tragedy seen by officers result in added levels of stress not experienced by the general population. What is stress? Stress is not a new phenomenon, it has been experienced throughout history. Stress is a biological response to some stimulus. Fear, panic, anger, tragedy and especially pressure can cause it. Stress can result in the competitiveness needed to succeed in business, relationships, sports, and education. Is stress bad or good? It is both. Good stress is manageable stress an can actually heighten your performance in certain situations. Bad stress is unmanageable stress and lessens your performance because it†s too much to bare. Police work, by its nature, calls for an incredible amount of continual stress. The demands on police officers to show greater restraint has been increasing over the years and has increased the effects of stress on police work. Today†s police officer is now more than ever in the public eye. He now must think about consequences before his actions in every situation. If we take a quick overview of police work and look at the research we can see what are some of the biggest stresses. Having your partner killed in the line of duty, lack of support by the department and bosses, shift work and disruption of family time/ family rituals and the daily grind of dealing with the scum of society. All of these factors add up and lead to high rates of cancer, heart disease, and suicide for police officers. We are becoming all too familiar with police suicide especially with the attention it gets from the media. In New York City twice as many police officers die by their own hand than in the line of duty. Stress is put to blame for this. Every study done indicates that police officer face a much higher level of stress. For suicide there are four main factors: 1. Divorce 2. Alcohol 3. Depression 4. A failure to get help. All four factors are symptoms that can stem from an officer†s stress levels. An officer who got into trouble on the job, suspension or termination is seven times more likely to commit suicide. Police suicide is more directly linked to relationship problems which in turn is linked to job stresses. Of the last fourteen suicides of police officers in New York City eighty-six percent had just had a divorce or relationship break-up. Police officers going through a divorce are five times more likely to commit suicide than officers who have a stable relationship. Relationship problems are highly related to job stress. In fact, studies have called police work to be a â€Å"high risk† lifestyle not because of physical danger, but high risk in developing attitude problems, behavioural problems, drug problems, and intimacy and relationship problems. These studies also show that police suffer from a substantially higher divorce rate ranging from sixty to seventy percent higher than normal couples. The medical community has attributed stress to such biological responses as heart malfunctions, blood pressure variations, gastrointestinal disorders, cancer, depression, muscular discomfort, strokes, and a host of nervous system related problems. For the police officer, biological consequences can represent more long term concerns, but the short term results are the most profound. Stress of the magnitude that affect an officer†s reaction time (increased or decreased) can seriously inhibit their ability to perform a vital action. An unrealistic increase could result in overreacting in confrontational situations, while a decrease could result in a serious injury or even death. Forty-three percent of all adults suffer from adverse health affects due to stress, seventy-five to ninety percent of all physician office visits are for stress related ailments and complaints. Stress is linked to the six leading causes of death, heart disease, cancer, lung problems, accidents, cirrhosis of the liver, and suicide. Stress is a combination of physical, mental, and emotional feelings that result from pressure, worry, and anxiety. These pressures are called stressors. Some examples of common stressors are, divorce, death in the family, job change, pregnancy, marriage, and retirement. In medicine stress is a physical, chemical, or emotional development that causes strains that lead to physical illness. The early warning signs of stress include apathy, anxiety, irritability, mental fatigue, and over compensation or denial. Some signs of apathy are feelings of sadness or recreation that isn†t fun anymore. Feelings of restlessness, agitation, insecurity and a sense of worthlessness are examples of anxiety. Signs of irritability are feeling hypersensitive, defensive, and arrogant. Feeling argumentative, rebellious, or angry are also signs of irritability. Examples of mental fatigue are denying that there are problems, ignoring symptoms, and feeling suspicious. Some behavioural signs of stress are avoiding things, doing things to extremes, administrative problems, and legal problems. Avoiding things includes keeping to one†s self, avoiding work, having trouble accepting responsibility, and neglecting responsibility. Examples of doing things to extremes are alcoholism, gambling, spending sprees, and sexual promiscuity. Some administrative problems are being late to work, poor appearance, poor personal hygiene, and being accident prone. Possible legal problems are shoplifting, traffic tickets, and an inability to control violent impulses. Some physical signs of stress include excessive worrying about illness, frequent illness, and physical exhaustion. Reliance on medication including remedies like aspirin is a physical sign of stress. Ailments such as insomnia, appetite changes, and changes in weight are also physical signs of stress. Indigestion, nausea, and nervous diarrhoea, are also physical signs. Stress can be confusing. There are some myths surrounding stress. One myth suggests that stress is the same for everybody, this is not true. What is stressful for one person may or may not be stressful for another. Some people seem to think that stress is everywhere, so there is nothing a person can do about it, this is also not true. A person can plan their life so that stress doesn†t overwhelm them. Another myth is that stress is always bad for a person. This is not rue because managed stress makes people productive and happy. Some people think that only the major symptoms of stress require attention. The minor symptoms are the early warnings that a better job of managing stress is needed. There are four types of stress. There is acute stress, episodic acute stress, chronic stress, and traumatic stress. Each type of stress has its own characteristics, symptoms, duration, and treatments. Acute stress is the most common type of stress. Acute stress comes from demands and pressures of the recent past and anticipated demands and pressures of the near future. Acute stress can lead to psychological distress, tension headaches, upset stomach, and other symptoms. Some examples of stressors that can cause acute stress are, an auto accident that crumpled the car fender, the loss of an important contract, a child†s occasional problems at school and so on. Acute stress doesn†t have enough have enough time to do the extensive damage associated with long term stress. Some of the most common symptoms of stress are emotional distress, muscular problems, stomach problems, and transient over arousal. Emotional distress includes anger, irritability, and anxiety. Muscular problems such as tension headaches, upper and lower back pain, and jaw pain are also symptoms of stress. Other symptoms are stomach, gut and bowel problems. Heartburn, acidic stomach, ulcers, flatulence, diarrhoea, constipation, and irritable bowel syndrome are examples of these problems. Transient over arousal is another symptom of stress which leads to elevation in blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, and sweaty palms. Heart palpitations, dizziness, and migraine headaches can also result from transient over arousal. Symptoms like cold hands or feet, shortness of breath, and chest pain are also common. Episodic acute stress is common in people who suffer from acute stress. These people†s lives are so unorganised that they are constantly in a state of chaos and crisis. They are always in a hurry, but they are always late. If something can go wrong in their life it usually does. Often these people describe themselves as having a lot of â€Å"nervous energy.† Another form of episodic acute stress comes from non stop worry, they are always worried about something going wrong. The symptoms of episodic acute stress are persistent tension headaches, migraines, hypertension, chest pain and heart disease. The treatment of episodic acute stress requires intervention on a number of levels, generally requires professional help, and may take many months. Sufferers are usually resistant to any kind of change. Chronic stress is the grinding stress that wears people away day after day after day. It destroys minds, bodies, and lives. Chronic stress comes from when a person doesn†t see a way out of a miserable situation. The worst part of chronic stress is that people get used to it and forget that it†s there. Chronic stress kills by means of suicide, violence, heart attack, stroke and cancer. The symptoms of chronic stress are hard to treat and could require a lot of medical and behavioural treatment, therapy, and stress management. Traumatic stress is a special kind of chronic stress, known as post-traumatic stress disorder. It is caused by trauma that is not handled correctly. Some examples of traumatic experiences are, accidents, rape, abuse of any kind, natural disaster, and the death of a loved one. The symptoms of PTSD are flashbacks, over arousal, emotional numbness, and emotional outbursts. People with PTSD suffer from problems with concentration, controlling impulses, and decision making. The long term consequences of PTSD are depression, anxiety, behavioural disorders, multiple personality disorders, and suicide. There are three basic strategies for dealing with stress at the source. The first strategy is altering situations to make them less stressful. Avoiding stressful situations is the next strategy. Accepting stressful situations is the other basic strategy in dealing with stress at the source. Each strategy has it†s disadvantages and it†s advantages. It†s up to every person to decide which one to use with which situation. The tougher a person†s resistance to stress is, the more stress they can take. There is a lot people can do to maximise their resistance to stress. People have resources to help them handle stress, these resources include familial and financial resources, social and spiritual resources, as well as personal resources. They can also develop good health habits and get rid of bad health habits to help build up a resistance. Following these guidelines in a person†s life is a good way to increase their resistance to stress. Eat at least one hot balanced meal per day. Improving a person†s nutritional habits makes them less susceptible to stress. Limiting a person to less than three caffinated drinks per day helps to improve their health and their susceptibility to stress. Give and receive affection regularly. Research shows that people who give and receive affection regularly, live longer and are healthier. Have at least one relative within fifty miles. Family is one of the best ways of reducing stress. Regularly attend social activities. Friends a person meets can provide a support network for good and bad times. Have a network of friends and acquaintances. A strong social network helps fight off feelings of loneliness, isolation, and despair. Have one or more friends to confide in about personal matters. Close friends boost a persons mental health just by being there. Exercise the point of perspiration at least three times a week. Exercise leads to fitness and people who are fit handle stress better. Being the appropriate weight is important not only for health reasons but for self esteem as well. Be in good health is important because a person†s health is their first line of defence against stress. Get seven to eight hours sleep as often as possible. Lack of sleep leads to exhaustion that harms a person†s health and productivity. Do something fun at least once a week. Doing something just for the fun of it improves a person†s resistance to stress because it takes your mind off your problems. Speak openly about your feelings when you are angry or worried. As one can see, stress is a combination of feelings that have different effects on peoples† health, and also there are many different ways to build resistance to it so it will not ruin your life.

Bruce Dawe Lifecycle Essay

I believe Bruce Dawes poem Life Cycle is both of satirical nature and a celebration of the game of Australian Rules football in Victoria. This is shown in the use of many poetic techniques such as religious connotations; tone of the writing and by dedication to Big Jim Phelan. Throughout the poem Dawe uses several religious references such as, â€Å"like the voice of god† which is showing the reader that in Victoria the game of Australian Rules Football is similar to god and taken as it’s a religion, this quote is explaining the voice of the typical supporter screaming their encouragement to their team this also shows the dedication to a fan has to the game, and to their team, therefore this shows both a satirical attitude and a celebrationary tone. Dawes references and baseing of the poem to a life cycle is using satire to show the Victorian people’s devotion to the game by showing they see AFL as a huge part of their life cycle. He talks throughout the poem about the different stages of life and their relating stage to their support of the AFL and their club. These references indicate that the poem is of a satire tone One of the key parts of the poem is the dedication at the start to Dawes friends father Big Jim Phelan a former AFL player and board member and an overall fan of the game, this dedication shows that it is also a celebration of the game due to Phelans love for it To conclude Bruce Dawes poem shows both satirical and celebration natures.

Learning Mathematics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Learning Mathematics - Assignment Example important to provide students a platform to motivate them in going further with the subject and hence the pan balance experiment procedure has been proposed. The above procedure would definitely challenge, motivate and actively involve the students. Establishment of physical classroom environment to support the type of teaching has also been considered and the class would be undertaken in a computer lab and use of technology has been kept in mind with utilizing software to promote understanding. The students would be instructed to perform experiment on the software individually and in teams of two's and three's, the teacher would then visit each student/group and ask their conclusion, which would be then challenged, as the case may be, to bring about a better understanding. Finally, multiple assessment techniques would be utilized to monitor the student's performance and level of understanding these methods include observation, worksheets, experimental results, presentations by students etc. Assessment of the unit The unit will be assessed through a number of sources these would include the following: Observation of the instructor Worksheets Solutions to problems Experimental results tabulated Presentation of the students assignment which would be then graded by the Class LESSON 1 Concept of balancing equation using shapes Time Allotted: 2 periods (1.5 hours) Subject: Introducing Equality Grade/level: 6-7 The lecture described below belongs to the unit of essential algebraic concept and in this the student will balance shapes on the computer software to study equality, essential to understanding algebra. Corresponding relationships will be recognized when the pans balance, signifying the properties of equality. Objectives Students will: develop an...The above procedure would definitely challenge, motivate and actively involve the students. Establishment of physical classroom environment to support the type of teaching has also been considered and the class would be undertaken in a computer lab and use of technology has been kept in mind with utilizing software to promote understanding. The students would be instructed to perform experiment on the software individually and in teams of two's and three's, the teacher would then visit each student/group and ask their conclusion, which would be then challenged, as the case may be, to bring about a better understanding. Finally, multiple assessment techniques would be utilized to monitor the student's performance and level of understanding these methods include observation, worksheets, experimental results, presentations by students etc. The lecture described below belongs to the unit of essential algebraic concept and in this the student will balance shapes on the computer software to study equality, essential to understanding algebra. Corresponding relationships will be recognized when the pans balance, signifying the properties of equality. This lesson will develop algebraic perceptive through an easy study of equality.

Effective Team and Performance Management Essay - 3

Effective Team and Performance Management - Essay Example Effective teams are categorized by traits of trust, mutual respect, cooperation and affability among the team members. Usually, successful teams are ones which have strong leadership and pay a lot of attention to how the team is built. They have a shared vision and sense of ownership so that all members feel responsible and work for the completion of the goal set by the team leader. Another important characteristic of successful teams is the communication factor, teams that do well have an open system of information exchange, team members coordinate among themselves to get the job done and are truthful with each other about work related issues. (Effective Teamwork, Constructing Excellence). This assignment is based on a series of lectures geared towards helping participant groups learn how to best work in groups and helping team members realize what their individual strengths and weaknesses are when working as a part of a collaborative team and how these contribute for the better or for the worse towards the achievement of the end goal. Each lecture involves a different activity, which allows participants to learn different aspects of being part of a team by involving themselves in the activity and reflecting upon it. Our team leader was chosen by a process of voting. All team members took a vote as to who should be our team leader and team member ‘a’ got 3 votes which was the maximum number of votes any team member got and thus the role of leader was delegated to team member ‘a’. Our team was to collaborate across a time period of 8 weeks. We would be attending 8 seminars, one every week and each time a task would be allocated to us and we would have to decide how we would go about it as a team. Once done with the procedure of attaining the goal that was expected of us in the task, we were to reflect upon the strengths, weaknesses, causes of these strengths and weaknesses and possible ways of improvement. One of the exercises was abou t being ‘lost on the moon’. In this task, we were to imagine that we had just crash landed on the moon and the mother ship was 200 miles away. There were just 15 items we had left for survival on our trip from the landing site to the mother ship and we had to rate the items from 1 to 15 in order of importance for survival, 1 being the most important and 15 being the least important. The keys issues we faced here were mostly centered in the difference of opinions among the group member as to what item should be given what rank of importance. The items varied greatly in nature and different people felt that different items were more important for survival when lost on the moon. Our team leader ‘a’ proposed that we brainstorm this situation according to rank so for example we started with rank 15 and all team members suggested which item they thought was least important and the reason why they thought so. This was to the end of convincing other members of thei r reasons so that we could narrow down to one item per rank by agreeing on one thing. And thus we moved up ranks till we reached rank one with our most important mutually agreed upon item. This tactic combined the use of collaboration and brain storming to bring about cohesion in the thought process. Another task was that of ‘the egg flying contest’. Our challenge as a team was to 5 of the 7 resources mentioned to be able to build a mechanism that would enable the egg to not break when dropped from a height of 2 meters. Under our leader, we chose 5 critical items from the given list based on a discussion among the team members concerning building a mechanism to stop the egg from breaking.

Multivariate Data Analysis - Factor Analysis Assignment

Multivariate Data Analysis - Factor Analysis - Assignment Example There are different variables affecting the marketing studies like product price, product size, product weight, product composition, color, etc. These variables will make the customers to buy the products. The information for factor analysis in marketing studies is collected through the market surveys or by focusing a group. By these surveys, the company can know about their product variability. They can understand about their products in the market and they can discuss what are the factors affecting the customer’s product purchase. The increased competition in the market makes the companies hire new strategies that will please the customers. The companies like to retain their existing customers as they will be loyal to them. They know it is easy to handle the loyal customers than the new ones, who are ready to pay high amount also. But the profit will decline if the existing customers go for other options. If they are not satisfied they will really wish to change their existing brands and go for new ones. The surveys, observation and focus group are some of the methods used in marketing analysis. The variables used in these surveys will include the companies’ full services to the customers. They are not only dealing with the product that they buy, but also with the location of the store, parking availability, etc. There will be different type of customers and they are classified into different categories like younger ones, older peoples, ladies, etc. These customers have different type of options to select their product and the company has to focus on the needs of these peoples. The customer mainly relies on the factor of satisfaction; both with the quality and service. This makes better sales happen and it provides a loyal customer to the company. These factor analysis results will show the importance of relationship between different factors. Some factors

UNIT 4 DISCUSSION BOARD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

UNIT 4 DISCUSSION BOARD - Essay Example The next year would take its toll on Jane as she engaged in non-rational escalation of commitment to support her decision. The soap cleaned comparably well in comparison to the previous product. However, after the first week the workers complained that the soap was clogging the jets and they had to shut down the machine every two days to clean them. Jane tells them that they were probably already in need of cleaning and it couldnt be the soap. Besides, with the money she saved they could afford to clean the jets occasionally. She has begun the escalation process due to the need for self-justification (Colwell & Mowday, n.d.). She rationalized that the soap was working just fine. Two weeks later, one of the owners asked Jane to return the soap and go back to the old brand. She called the supplier and was advised of the 20% re-stocking charge to return the soap. However, the salesman told her that because she had a bad experience and was under some pressure, he would sell her another years supply at a 50% discount. Jane did the math and figured she would save the 20% restocking fee and get a 50% discount. That was a savings of 70% and would be enough to save her reputation. She purchased another years supply. Jane had gone down the path of serial decision making and was basing her decisions on the previous errors she had made, which is the critical feature of non-rational escalation (Staw, 1981, p.584). In addition, she was the victim of perceptual bias that impeded her ability to think objectively (Block, 2005, p.15). Jane was also ignoring everything she had learned in business class. She was not making decisions based on the current state and was using her sunk costs to influence her decision (Schminke, 1998, p.205). She was throwing good money after bad. Jane did some research on clogged jets and found that soap was the most likely suspect but could be caused

The final project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The final project - Research Paper Example Precisely, behavioral aspect of budgeting is summarized as participation, budget slack, politics, group effects, motivation and feedback. Financial accountants, economists as well as financial analyst are all involved in the process of developing a budget (Deegan & Unerman, 2006). A budgeting design where by the people involved are active members of the business or organization is known as participative budgeting. This kind of budgetary design ends up creating budget that is more realistic and adoptable. It pulls up employees’ morale and it cats a gauge for their effort in the growth and development of the business and or organization (Shah, 2007). As opposed to top-down budget that is generally imposed on employees by the executive directors and managers, participative budgeting takes into account the opinions and contributions of others. However, if the budget design is purely participative then the resulting budget may not put into consideration some of the high level strategic plans. If an organization has to use participative budgeting design them the top management must serve other people involved in the process with write-ups indicative expected outcome of the budgeting process. In literature, the models of budgetary participation between superiors and subordinates have been identified, with emphasis on who has the greater influence on the budget outcome. (Brown et al., 2013; Brink et al., 2012; Chong, K., & Chong, M., 2002; Chenhall, 1986; Wentzel, 2002; Lindquist, 1995). While Brown et al. (2013). developed a subordinate and superior-set theory, Brink et al. (2012) made their division based on the roles superiors play in the budgetary process namely active or passive players. This subdivision alludes to the principle that budget outcomes are being determined by the interaction between superiors and subordinate. In Brown et al. (2013) subordinate set theory and Brink et al. (2012) committed

Bank of America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bank of America - Essay Example Up to that point, this was the largest acquisition deal in the banking sector. After the acquisition by Nations Bank of Bank America, the Bank of America emerged and, while it was technically an acquisition, this deal had a structure similar to that of a merger (James & James 34). After the Chairman and CEO of the Bank of America Hugh McColl resigned, his successor Ken Lewis focused the bank’s attentions on efficiency and financial discipline, which was in contrast to earlier expansionary acquisition and merger strategies pursued by McColl. However, in 2004, the Bank of America acquired the National Processing Company from National Corp for some $1.4 billion, renaming it BA Merchant Services (James & James 37). National Processing Company was at the time engaged in the processing of MasterCard and VISA transactions. As a result of this acquisition, this company now processed at least one in every six MasterCard and VISA transactions, while also expanding the Bank of America’s share of the financial solutions market, especially for healthcare and travel companies. In addition, the bank also acquired FleetBoston Financial in 2004 for some $47 billion, which was aimed at aiding the Bank of America to attain market share in the United States’ northeastern region (James & James 38). This solidified its position as the bank in the United States with the highest FDIC-rated deposit market share with over $513 billion in deposits. This placed well the Bank of America ahead of JP Morgan Chase-Bank One and Wells Fargo & Co, which had deposits of $353 billion and $228 billion respectively as of the year 2003 (James & James 39). The Bank of America also announced the acquisition of MBNA, a credit card giant, for $35 billion in stocks and cash. This deal was given the final approval in December of 2005 by the Federal Reserve Board, which gave the green

Satisfying All Stakeholders Is Difficult When the Business Is Competing in Mature Product Markets Essay Example for Free

Satisfying All Stakeholders Is Difficult When the Business Is Competing in Mature Product Markets Essay A stakeholder is defined as an independent party with an interest or concern in something. Stakeholder groups are not all alike and therefore will want different things from a business. As each stakeholder deals with the business in different ways these needs are likely to conflict. With all of these differing needs it will be difficult for the business to satisfy all stakeholders at the same time as it is likely that acting to satisfy one stakeholders needs will end up conflicting with anothers meaning that the second stakeholder will not be satisfied. Examples of stakeholders include the shareholders, employees, suppliers and customers of a business. The Product Life Cycle is a theory used by management to understand where one of its products is in terms of its eventual life expectancy. It involves identifying if the product is in one of four phases: the introduction, growth, mature or decline stage. By identifying which stage of the cycle a product is in management can change its strategies to realise the potential success of a product. It is however, often difficult for management to see where the product is in the cycle as a rise or fall in sales most of the time will not necessarily mean that a product is growing or beginning to decline. It is also very hard, if not impossible, to accurately predict when the product will go into the next part of its life cycle. A business will find it very hard to tell when a market will reach saturation and will only know it while it is happening or in, some cases, after it has happened. While using the product life cycle model it is assumed that all products have a limit to how long they will be used, in practise this may not be the case. The mature stage of the product life cycle is when a product market has finished growing, sales start to slow down and there is no more significant growth. At some point the market will reach saturation at which point the product enters the decline stage. Sales will start to decline slowly and eventually product will become obsolete and not sold anymore. When a product market reaches the mature stage it will usually mean various things. As the mature stage of a product is when there are the most sales it usually means that the costs of producing each product are at the lowest as a result of economies of scale. This means that there is potentially more profit to be made per product if the price stays the same. However, often this is not the case as when a market reaches maturity more competitors emerge. As a result of this a business is likely to decrease the price of its product, eating into the profit margin per product sold, so that customers are more likely to buy its product. By selling more products the business will gain a healthy market share. Market share is what is mostly sought after by a business in a mature market. With little growth to expand into in the market a business must aim to gain the biggest slice of the market as possible to increase profit. The stakeholder that is likely to be one of the most important to a business is the owner or shareholders. They have a say in how the business is run and if they do not feel that the business is doing well will remove their investment and the business will lose finance. Shareholders will want two main things: increase in the size of the business and a good dividend. Therefore it is of great importance that the business keeps the shareholders happy. To do this the business must at the very least turn a profit. This will make the investing shareholder see that their investment is being put to some use. However if the business really wants to make the shareholder feel satisfied it must make a large profit. In a mature market this means that it must have a large share of the market. To do this it must differentiate its product to make its product more attractive to buy than a competitors model. The customer must have an incentive to buy this product over another one such as a lower price or differentiate the product in other ways such as highlighting the products supposed better quality or more impressive features. Differentiating the product can, however, have an effect on the profit taken per sale. Obviously by lowering the price of a product there will be less profit margin as the cost to the business of producing the item will remain the same. Also if the business decides to increase the quality or add extra features the cost of manufacturing the product will increase. While these may eat into the profit margin per product, if the business has marketed correctly and increased market share in the mature market by increasing sales the overall profit of the business may have increased. Management would hope that this would be the case given that this was the whole aim of the product differentiation in the first place. However by actually achieving an increase in the size of the business the shareholder would be satisfied with their investment. Added to this a good dividend could be given out because of the increased profits and the shareholders should be pleased. However another stakeholder that the business will want to satisfy is the customer. As the customer is the way the business will make a profit, by selling to them, it is very important that the business satisfies the needs of the customer and make them want to buy its products. The customer will want a good quality product at a preferably low price at which he feels that he is getting good value for money. In a mature market generally a consumer will get the best value for money with all of the competing businesses producing a large amount of alternative products and vying for market share. As such in a mature market a customer is likely to be most happy. The customer has conflicting needs with the shareholder in that the customer wants a low price whereas the shareholder wants a high profit. As these needs conflict a median must be found where both stakeholders feel that they are getting a good deal. While it may be tempting to favour one group, it is in the interest of the business to find a point where both sides feel happy because if one side feels unhappy the business will either lose the support and investment of the stakeholders or the custom and income from the customer and this will lead to a loss in market share. This is the same as all of the stakeholders. As all of the stakeholders will want different things from the business and some of them will completely contradict each other it must deal with them as best they can and try to find a solution where all stakeholders are satisfied. Keeping all stakeholders satisfied is critical to keeping the business going strongly and losing the faith of one of them could lead to dire consequences and none of the stakeholders being satisfied. For example if, in a bid to cut the cost to the business of producing the product so the shareholders could be given a bigger dividend out of a larger gross profit, the business told the supplier of raw materials that make the product that it must cut its price the supplier would not be happy. This could lead to the supplier refusing to sell the raw materials to the business and this would mean that until an agreement was made or a substitute supplier could be found the business could not produce anything to sell. This would lead to the customer not being able to buy the product that it desires and going to a competitor and the business losing potential profit which would upset the shareholders. In some situations the same groups of stakeholders may not ven have the same sets of ideas of what they want from a business making it even harder for the business to keep everyone satisfied. For example, in the group of shareholders a young businessman who has shares in a company is likely to prefer the profit made to be invested back into the business to expand and increase potential future earnings and increase the share price as opposed to a large dividend as he has less need for the money now and has long term plans for the shares. However an older retired man is more likely to prefer a large dividend to be taken out of the profit so that he can have the money now. In conclusion, it is difficult for a business to satisfy all stakeholders at any time regardless of what stage of its cycle the product is in. The demands of a each stakeholders are different and likely to contradict each other. However, in a mature market where there is fierce competition there is tension between the arguably the business two biggest stakeholder: the shareholders and customers. While the customers want a quality, low priced product, shareholders require a good profit be made. The business must satisfy the customer to compete in the market but also the shareholders to have the backing it needs to carry on functioning. Sometimes even groups of shareholders are fragmented which makes it even harder but it is critical for the business to find a point where all shareholders are content as this is when the business runs the smoothest.

Three Significant Shifts Geography Global Economic Activity Economics Essay

Three Significant Shifts Geography Global Economic Activity Economics Essay Every since the Second World War of 1939-1945, the world has undergone huge changes. At no other period in Earths bright history has change been such a potent force. Technology has changed immensely from year-to-year, so too, it seems, has politics, culture and society. Another huge change has been in global economics and this is the post-1945 change that this essay will be focusing on. Global economics is the world-wide integration of markets for goods, services, labour and capital. Ever since World War Two the individual economies of countries all over the world have become increasingly linked together to form one unit and this essay aims to investigate three shifts that have caused that linkage. Widely considered to be the biggest shift in global economic geography since World War 2 is the growth of Asia, particularly East Asia Japan, the four tigers and, most recently, China (Dicken, 2007). This economic rise can be split into four major processes: The rise of Japan after World War 2 The rapid growth of the four tigers Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore and Taiwan followed by a second tier (the tiger cubs) Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. The huge growth of China The potential economic dynamism of India Japans post-war economic growth in terms of manufacturing was monumental. In the 1960s it was ranked fifth in the world economy but by 1980 it had risen to second behind USA. Its rate of manufacturing growth was 13.6% per year two and a half times greater than USA and four times greater than UK. FDI grew from 1% in 1960 to almost 12% in 1990 unveiling Japan as the biggest threat to USA and Europe (Dicken, 2007). This growth, albeit huge after 1945, was not the beginning of Japans surge in the world economy. Japans transformation began under the Meiji Revolution around 1885 in which it underwent a major constitutional change. This change included the revamping of the legal system, the educational system was expanded and a modem banking system evolved. The state also encouraged the creation of a railway network, telegraphs and shipping lines. It supported industries like iron and steel, ship building and textiles. However, there were some fundamental weaknesses in that the country was still heavily dependent on agriculture but because of small holdings, agricultural productivity was not very high (Kennedy, 1989). Therefore, it is evident that the change in Japans economy after World War 2 was not the fact that it started to experience economic growth but rather it started to experience rapid growth as opposed to the slower growth prior to the war. During the late 1980s, Japans growth rate fell almost as dramatically as it rose in the 1960s due to a collapse. Between 1990 and 2003, Japans GDP grew annually by only 1.2% and its manufacturing sector by 0.7%. USAs fear in Japan subsided somewhat although Japan remained the second largest economy globally. Recently there have also been signs of a recovery too, putting pressure back on USA (Dicken, 2007). In the 1960s, around the same time as Japans economy was surging, a small group of East Asian countries emerged with manufacturing growth, especially in labour-intensive industries, that lead to their economic development. Hong Kong, Korea, Taiwan and Singapore were branded the four tigers. For example, Koreas manufacturing sector grew yearly at an average rate of 18% during the 1960s, 16% in the 1970s, 13% in the 1980s and 7% from 1990 to 2003. During the same periods, Taiwans manufacturing sector grew at rates of 16%, 14%, 8% and 6% respectively (Dicken 2007). In the late 1980s FDI for the four tigers grew to a level that overtook Japan. The tigers, although grouped together, all followed their own distinct path of development: Korea has been relatively closed to FDI and relied on a small number of large conglomerates for its industrialization, Singapore relied heavily on investment from large foreign transnational firms, Taiwan depended on locally-owned small and medium-sized firm s and Hong Kongs growth is based on its laissez-faire free market approach (Hobday, 1995). Similarly to the four tigers, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand all displayed high rates of manufacturing growth around the same time. These have become known as the tiger cubs. Along with the tigers, the cubs have increased their collective share of world manufactured exports from 1.5% in 1963 to almost 20% in 1999-despite the East Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998 (Dicken, 2007). A possible reason for the growth of these countries could be in the decolonisation prior to the 1960s and after World War 2. For example, Indonesia gained independence from the Netherlands in 1949 nominally and completely in 1954 (Klein, 2003). The most recent and potentially biggest change in East Asian economy is the huge growth of China: Since shifting to a policy of reform and door opening in the late 1970s, China has been undergoing a period of high economic growth while at the same time increasing its presence in the Asian economy. Riding the wave of the IT revolution in recent years, the country has been gaining international competitiveness not only in labour-intensive products but also in some IT productsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Chi Hung Kwan 2002 Between 1980 and 2003, Chinas GDP and manufacturing growth rates were the highest in the world around 10% annually. It is now the worlds fourth largest manufacturing producer, the second largest agricultural, the fourth, soon to be third ahead of Japan, biggest exporter and the fourth biggest importer. Chinas growth, along with the other countries (mentioned above), constitutes to making north-east Asia the most dynamic part of the world, causing problems for south-east Asia Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand, Indonesia and Singapore in terms of competition (Dicken, 2007). The final process of change that has seen Asia become a huge force in the global economy is the recent, spectacular growth of India. This growth is in one specific activity: the outsourcing of IT services. With its huge population and other similar advantages, there has been much talk about how India could be the next China. However, between 1980 and 1990 Indias GDP growth rate was only around 6% above the global average but only half of Chinas at the same time. India also does not sit with the elite in terms of manufacturing (13th in the world) and exports (outside of the top 15 globally). Indias strength lies in the service sector 51% of its GDP is from service sector-based income, against Chinas 33% but still China generated nearly double the service exports of India. That is the difference to the other fast-growing Asian countries India does not have strong exports. India does have the potential but currently it has some way to go before it can be placed amongst the elite (Di cken, 2007). One of the earliest significant shifts in the geography of the global economy since 1945 was the integration of European countries. Before European integration came into place there were extreme forms of nationalism in the continent, especially during the war and economic activity between the European countries was limited due to tariffs, custom duties and trade barriers. Post war Europe saw many countries still at unease with one another so a form of peaceful integration was needed in order to reconstruct the economies. This all started with the formation of the European coal and steel community (ECSC) which was first established in 1950. The aim of the ECSC was to bring together the French and German coal and steal production in a way that would banish the spectre of war and open the way to European integration (Europa 2005). The treaty of the ECSC was concluded in Paris whereby six nations signed up to it including; Belgium, France, West Germany, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. This was now a form of production and distribution of coal and steel among the six countries and it was the beginning of a united Europe (Allen 2005). The next part of this shift towards European integration was the treaty of Rome in 1957 which was signed by the same six countries and further enhanced the economic activity within Europe. This created two more communities, the European Economic community (ECC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC). It also eliminated the customs duties between the countries and created a common external tariff (Dicken 2007) this external tariff removed tariffs on intra-EU trade and meant that it would cost more money for the areas outside of the treaty to import goods to these European countries, therefore it eliminated consumer choice and supported the industries based within the treaty and boosted the overall economy within these countries. The community further enlarged between 1973-1986 with the introduction of Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom, Greece, Spain and Portugal this helped changed the geography of the world economy as more countries were now involved within this community of economic integration and Europe as a whole was now becoming a dominant economic force in the face of the perceived soviet threat (Dicken 2007). This period also saw the establishment of trading agreements with former European colonies in Africa, The Caribbean and The pacific (ACP countries). This new establishment with the ACP nations was aimed to encourage there exports while stimulating growth and investment in an attempt to integrate these countries into the world economy. (Manchin 2006). This has effectively altered the geography of the world economy as without this link the ACP nations would find it hard to plug themselves into the global economy however the EC offer duty free access to the EC market for most products and offer them preferential access for agricultural products based on a quota system. This helps develop these nations in an attempt to boost there economies. The main developments in economically integrating Europe has occurred in the past 20 years, this period has seen the signing of the Treaty of the European Union in 1991, the creation of a single European market and the introduction of a single European currency in 1999. The creation of a single European market in 1992 eliminated and reduced trade barriers within Europe and enhanced welfare and efficiency within the European community. These reduced trade barriers increased the intensity of competition and reduced prices. This meant that the EU was now more economically competitive within the world markets; therefore it effectively helped change the geography of the world economy. (Allen et al 2005). The formation of the European Union signed in Maastricht in 1991 created the pathway for further European economic integration and Monetary union. European monetary union was created in 1999 with the single European currency; the Euro is currently used by 16 countries in the EU which make up the Euro zone. This has had a massive effect on the economics of the countries involved in the Euro zone. De Grauwe states that: Eliminating national currencies and moving towards a common currency can lead to an increase in economic efficiency as it eliminates transaction costs in exchanging money This elimination of transaction costs means that capital now flows through the European Union a lot easier and it makes FDI investment into these European countries a lot more appealing. The single European currency along with the reduced trade barriers within Europe attracts a lot of TNCs who have chosen to regionalize there production networks within the European Union. It has especially attracted US and Japanese TNCs. Therefore in changing the geography of the global economy, not only is it boosting the economy for the countries within the EU but it is boosting the countries outside of it that are using the EU as a way of setting up there production and manufacturing chains. A final major shift in the geography of global economic activity after the Second World War has been the major role of transnational corporations (TNCs). According to the UN (1978), TNCs are all enterprises which control assets factories, mines, sales offices and the like in two or more countries. In the last 50 years or so the role of TNCs in the global economy has become more and more significant creating a situation now where, without them, the world, in terms of development, would most likely regress. However, Jenkins (1987) said that TNCs have been portrayed as an engine of growth capable of eliminating international economic inequality as well as a major obstacle to development. They are seen as a force capable revolutionising the productive forces in economically backwards areas of the world but also as a major cause for underdevelopment through a massive drain of surplus to the advanced capitalist countries i.e. they take a lot of money and resources from LEDCs and give it to MEDCs, widening the development gap. Either way you look at it, TNCs have made the world economy much more of the unit that was mentioned in the introduction. Chang (2003) wrote that since 1982, FDI from TNCs has been growing four times faster than international trade and, since the 1970s; the combined output form TNCs has exceeded the volume of international trade. International trade had been going on for centuries prior to World War Two and continues to this day but its significance has been shown to be dwindling with the new impact of TNCs. This therefore shows how, through the introduction of TNCs, the geography of global economic activity has changed in its orientation and that it does seem to moving towards one, global economy with countries holding assets in almost every other country not being a reality too far away. According to Chang (2003), TNCs are becoming more and more transnational and therefore stateless. There is proof in the successfulness of TNCs in that countries which have had liberal policies towards FDI like most of the Asian tigers have performed well and become successful developed countries, with stable economies. This shows that it is likely that more and more countries, including African ones where TNCs are still rare, will start accommodating for TNCs and so take the world towards being one, unified economy. The increase in the activities of TNCs since 1945 can therefore be said to have had a major impact in the shift of global economic activity that has occurred since World War Two and will continue to do so. There have been numerous economic shifts that have helped shape the current global economy. However in this essay we have only focused on three. First we focused on the economic expansion of the East-Asian countries over the past 65 years, which most recently involved India and China who could pave the way for future global economic expansion. The explanation for the growth of these countries could be due to the fact that the demographic transition from high rates of mortality to low rates of morality has been more drastic in the East-Asian region over the past century than any other region in the world. This constituted to the economic growth as between 1965-1990 the working population grew at a much faster rate than its dependent population which expanded the per-capita productive capacity of East Asian countries.(Bloom 1998). The second shift we focused on was the Increase in European integration, this has effectively shifted the global economy as it has integrated a whole range o f countries and allowed capital and labour to flow more freely between them, effectively making the EU one of the strongest regions in the present day world economy. Finally we showed how an increase in TNC activity over the post war period has helped shape the global economy and bring about a more unified economy. Many Hyper-Globalists would argue that TNCS help constitute to a borderless world whereby global is the natural scale of economic integration. To conclude this essay these three shifts have effectively changed the global economy over history and there impacts are still present and will continue to be so for a very long time as they have set in motion economic integration on a global level. Considering the economic Hiatus that occurred during the war when many international links were broken and there was a world wide recession, this recovery over a 65 year period where we now live in a world with an increasingly unifying economy has been truly astonishing.

The Great Gatsby | Critique

The Great Gatsby | Critique Be not afraid of greatness: some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them. This quote voiced by William Shakespeare is a popular idea among many all over the world. Whether this idea is true or not, one thing is certain. Jay Gatsby in the novel The Great Gatsby was truly a great figure. Greatness is a definite and identifiable quality. Modern-day greatness can be defined in four points. Firstly, having honesty and integrity. More elaborately, having enviable qualities and a strong conviction to stand up for what is right. Furthermore, making the world a better place than you met it. And lastly making a positive impact in your world even when you have passed on. Gatsby was not an honorable and noble man. His dishonesty about his true identity and background puts his greatness in question. Ill tell you Gods truth, I am the son of some wealthy people in the Middle West-all dead now. I was brought up in America but educated at Oxford, because all my ancestors have been educated there for many years. He further continues to say, My family all died and I came into a good deal of money. The truth concerning his background is exposed later on in the novel, where Nick narrates James Gatz-that was really, or at least legally, his name. He had changed it at the age of seventeen His parents were shiftless and unsuccessful farm people-his imagination had never really accepted them as his parents at all. Clearly all of what he claimed to have been has been proved false. Even Nick affirms to Gatsbys falsehood when he says Moreover he told it to me at a time of confusion, when I had reached the point of believing everything and nothing about him. Furthermo re, Gatsby cannot be considered noble because he aspired to take another mans wife. I suppose the last thing is to sit back and let Mr Nobody from Nowhere, make love to your wife. Gatsby didnt make the world a better place than he met it. His illegal businesses only helped make others lives worse. Youre one of that bunches that hangs around Meyer Wolfshiem A great a man wouldnt be carrying out illegal business with a criminal. Further evidence that Gatsby had made peoples lives miserable, was when Tom said, And you left him in the lurch, didnt you? You let him go to jail for a month over in New Jersey. Moreover, like Nick said, if Gatsbys partnership had included the Worlds Series transaction 1919 then that transaction would finally support that Gatsby never made his world a better place. The last mark of greatness, that Gatsby didnt possess, was that he didnt make a positive impact even while he was dead. This was unveiled when no one showed up to his funeral. The minister glanced several times at his watch, so I took him aside and asked him to wait for half an hour. But it wasnt any use. Nobody came. No normal person dies without anybody coming to their funeral, not to talk of a great person. Not even his closest companion, Meyer Wolfshiem, attended his funeral. Let us learn to show our friendship for a man when he is alive and not after he is dead. Furthermore, when Gatsby died the world continued as though he never even existed. Gatsbys house was still empty when I left the grass on his lawn had grown as long as mine. However, could it be possible that the word great in The Great Gatsby could mean something more than the modern meaning of the word? Could it be that Gatsby was truly great in reference to a certain aspect of his existence? Although he may not fit the present day meaning of the word, Gatsby can be described as great. Gatsby is admired and idolized in the eyes of only one character in the novel-Nick. If personality is an unbroken series of successful gestures, then there was something gorgeous about him, some heightened sensitivity to the promises of life Nick has some deep insight into the character of Gatsby. For example when he comments on Gatsbys smile saying, It was one of those rare smiles with a quality of eternal reassurance in it, that you may come across four or five times in life. It is evident, that Nick admired several aspects of Gatsby. One of such aspects was Gatsbys ability to make a new identity for himself when he needed to be someone else. So he invented just the sort of Jay Gatsby that a seventeen-year-old boy would be likely to invent, and to his conception he was faithful to the end. He did whatever was necessary to attain this new identity. Practise elocution, poise and how to attain ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Read one improving book or magazine per week. Another one of such aspects that Nick commended was Gatsbys romanticism. it was an extraordinary gift for hope, a romantic readiness such as I have never found in any other person and which it is not likely I shall ever find again. In a world where moral standards were deteriorating and where true love was lacking, Gatsby was a shining example. For Gatsby, the fulfillment of the American Dream was to possess Daisy Buchanan, a woman whom Gatsby perceived as an ideal wife, the golden girl, the kings daughter, a grand prize, and a perfect match. It excited him that many men had already loved Daisy-it increased her value in his eyes Gatsby was overwhelmingly aware of the youth and mystery that wealth imprisons and preserves, of the freshness of many clothes, and of Daisy, gleaming like silver, safe and proud He found her excitingly desirable. Gatsby never deviated from his aspiration of winning Daisy, even in the face of opposition and stark reality. Nick admired that along with Gatsbys steadfast determination. And lastly, Nick admired Gatsbys dedication to making his dreams a reality. Gatsby was willing to give everything for this dream. Gatsby knew he would need wealth to get Daisy, so he established a business that would give him prosperity. Moreover, he bought a house right across the bay from Daisy, just so he could be close to her. Not to mention how he hosted parties, night after night just so he could find Daisy. His unwavering optimism, even when Daisy had clearly rejected him and chosen Tom, was worthy of praise. I suppose Daisyll call too. His dreams had always sustained him and increased his perseverance. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ he stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way, and, far as I was from him. Nick was impressed by Gatsbys ability to live for and purse one dream, which he didnt realize was unachievable. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦his dream must have seemed so close that he could hardly fail to grasp it. He did not know that it was already behind him, somewhere back in th at vast obscurity beyond the city, where the dark fields of the republic rolled on under the night. Nick overlooks all of Gatsbys flaws and shortcomings and sees a greatness in Gatsby that no other character recognizes. Gatsby believed in the green light, the orgastic future that year by year recedes before us. Finally, we could say that Gatsby is not a man of honor and integrity. But however, he was the one that decided to take the blame for running over Myrtle, which eventually cost him his life. Gatsby might not have made the world a better place than he met it, however like Gatsbys father said If hed of lived, hed of been a great man. A man like James J. Hill. Hed helped build up the country. And although he didnt make a lasting impact even when he was dead, he did while he was alive, especially on Nick. In conclusion, despite his shortcomings, flaws, and unfortunate outcome, his unfailing love and strong drive for success are what make him, Jay Gatsby of West Egg, great.

Totalitarian Regime in Nineteen Eighty Four and the Partys Methods of

1984, written by George Orwell and published in 1949, follows the life of Winston Smith and his attempts to rebel against the totalitarian state in which he lives. Winston lives in London in the country of Oceania, led by Big Brother, a strict party which maintains power and control by censoring everyone's behaviour and thoughts and trying to recreate people in the party's image. Throughout the book, the party attempts to gain complete control over Oceania in many different ways, some, similarly used, currently. In many ways, 1984 could be described as reflecting many political issues in reality, for example, the nazi regime and Hitler's way of controlling the country. This is quite likely as the book is written at about the time that Hitler was in power, and some say that 1984 is a depiction of how life would be like, if the world had continued to be run in a totalitarian way. The description of Big Brother, himself, is very similar to Hitler's appearance - a man of about forty-five with a heavy black moustache and like Hitler, big brother has an idea of what people should be like and how they should behave. The fact that Big Brother targets young people, in particular, and tries to brainwash them into loving the party, is similar to Hitler?s attempts to get young people on his side and to get them involved in his conquest. This is one of the main ways in which Big Brother gains control over Oceania. By targeting the younger generation, they can be sure that they don?t have many previous t houghts and aren?t as logical as adults, to work out when Big Brother has twisted the truth or tried to cover up the past. They also make the party appeal to the children, by having songs, processions, banners and celebrations and even tur... ...ting in books or reading, is forbidden as you can not express yourself or show any individuality. The language is being replaced by ?newspeak?, a language where there is no variation in words and the only way to exaggerate something is by using plus on the front of the word so that the only purpose of language is for communicating and it can no longer be enjoyed. All of these methods which the party has used were successful in 1984, in gaining the power. If the party were to continue to be in charge of Oceania after 1984, no-one like Winston would exist any more, and everyone would believe what Big Brother was saying from day to day, without getting any enjoyment out of life. It is easy to imagine that in the end, there will be no separating man from woman, the war would continue on forever and the only purpose of the human race would be to serve Big Brother.

Hero in Ernest Hemingways The Sun Also Rises :: Hemingway Sun Also Rises Essays

The Hero in The Sun Also Rises      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Prevalent among many of Ernest Hemingway's novels is the concept popularly known as the "Hemingway hero", or â€Å"code hero†, an ideal character readily accepted by American readers as a "man's man". In The Sun Also Rises, four different men are compared and contrasted as they engage in some form of relationship with Lady Brett Ashley, a near-nymphomaniac Englishwoman who indulges in her passion for sex and control. Brett plans to marry her fiancà ©e for superficial reasons, completely ruins one man emotionally and spiritually, separates from another to preserve the idea of their short-lived affair and to avoid self-destruction, and denies and disgraces the only man whom she loves most dearly. All her relationships occur in a period of months, as Brett either accepts or rejects certain values or traits of each man. Brett, as a dynamic and self-controlled woman, and her four love interests help demonstrate Hemingway's standard definition of a man and/or m asculinity. Each man Brett has a relationship with in the novel possesses distinct qualities that enable Hemingway to explore what it is to truly be a man. The Hemingway man thus presented is a man of action, of self-discipline and self-reliance, and of strength and courage to confront all weaknesses, fears, failures, and even death.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Jake Barnes, as the narrator and supposed hero of the novel, fell in love with Brett some years ago and is still powerfully and uncontrollably in love with her. However, Jake is unfortunately a casualty of the war, having been emasculated in a freak accident. Still adjusting to his impotence at the beginning of the novel, Jake has lost all power and desire to have sex. Because of this, Jake and Brett cannot be lovers and all attempts at a relationship that is sexually fulfilling are simply futile. Brett is a passionate, lustful woman who is driven by the most intimate and loving act two may share, something that Jake just cannot provide her with. Jake's emasculation only puts the two in a grandly ironic situation. Brett is an extremely passionate woman but is denied the first man she feels true love and admiration for. Jake has loved Brett for years and cannot have her because of his inability to have sex. It is obvious that their love is mutual when Jake tries to kiss B rett in their cab ride home: "'You mustn't.

Nuclear Energy

As the need for electricity increases through time, it's important to find options for future complications. Nuclear power has both negative and positive attributes in producing electrical energy. Despite the negative, I believe it's a good choice to make for when we can no longer depend on other sources such as natural gas because it is cheaper and more â€Å"green†. Of course, there are other sources that could also be considered such as wind power, solar power, or coal. In my opinion, these are not as superior as nuclear power for several reasons. As global warming becomes a bigger concern, options such as natural gas and coal are eliminated because of environmental hazards. This leaves wind power, solar power, and nuclear power. Wind power and solar power are not bad options. In fact, they are probably the smartest and most â€Å"green† inventions for producing electricity. Like most things, however, they have a few flaws. For example, in a CNBC news article, â€Å"Primer: Nuclear Power† it stated that wind power and solar power produces the least amount of energy for the highest price. Another article, â€Å"Nuclear Power is Nuclear† said wind power is not only expensive but also dangerous to birds. The article said a proximately 75,000- 250,000 birds die each year by crashing into the spinning generator! With knowing that both wind power and solar power are cost-defective and knowing that coal and natural gas is harmful to the environment, what makes nuclear energy so great? Well, from an economic standpoint, nuclear energy is the cheapest to produce and produces the most. Nuclear plants now produce electricity for 1. 76 cents per kilowatt-hour, compared to 2. 47 cents for coal or 6. 78 cents for natural gas. † (Primer: Nuclear Power). As for the environment and people, it is a very safe process (in most cases) and does not produce global warming. Some people, like me, might have corresponded nuclear weapons to nuclear energy, which might have put you to look at nuclear energy from a negative perspective. But knowing and understanding how it works, shows that it is safer then you may expect. However, if an accident would occur it wouldn't be very good because of radiation poisoning that could spread and can cause a lot of cancers and other defects and diseases. Although the chances of this happening are very small and hopefully through time safety will progress. With these facts and statistics, nuclear power shows a cleaner and cheaper way for producing electricity in the future. With nuclear energy only being 20% of our power, hopefully nuclear plants would increase as well as their safety. Nuclear Energy Nuclear Energy is defined as the energy  that is released  when atomic nuclei either split or fuse. After a careful consideration of the amount of conventional fuels available and their consumption, it becomes very clear that nuclear energy will be used predominantly in the future. Moreover, it offers an attractive alternative to the conventional fuels that generally contribute to global warming.  In comparison to fossil fuels and hydroelectric power, nuclear energy provides a safer and cleaner option. Moreover, the quantity of uranium, which is used as nuclear fuel, is much more abundant than fossil fuels (Miller, 2004).Another advantage in using nuclear energy is that it is comparatively cheaper and environmentally safe, because the waste matter from such fuel is safely stored. In the United States of America, each and every nuclear power plant is controlled by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Moreover, these nuclear facilities have to strictly adhere to the safety standard s set by this regulatory body (Cabreza).A very important benefit of nuclear energy lies in the fact that it drastically reduces dependence on oil imports. Furthermore, this source of energy requires a lot of personnel, which helps to decrease unemployment. Nuclear energy is not only very efficient but also cost-effective, due to the minimal variance in the price of uranium, the optimal performance and frequent modernization of nuclear power plants. At present, a fifth of the total electricity needs of the U.S are catered to by nuclear (Cabreza).In comparison to nuclear energy, coal the conventional source of energy is much more dangerous. Coal releases a number of pollutants and carcinogens when burned. Further, the annual casualties amongst coal miners, due to accidents, are around a hundred. Nuclear power is far safer in comparison to coal or hydropower (Miller, 2004).  The nuclear fuel used in nuclear reactors is Uranium-235 and the mechanism by which nuclear fission energy is released is given by the equation:  10n + 235 92U —> 9236Kr + 14156 Ba +200 MeV+ 3 1 0n (3-3: Nuclear Fission).Uranium-235 releases 3.7 million times the amount of energy that coal can release. Due to the use of nuclear energy, two and a half billion tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions are not released into the atmosphere every year (Why use Nuclear Power?, 2006).In view of the above facts, it is imperative for the world to adopt nuclear energy for all their energy requirements. Nuclear power is clean, cost-effective, reliable and safe power. No major nuclear accidents have taken place in the U.S.   In its entire history, only a single accident took place in 1979. In that incident there was a partial reactor core meltdown at Three Mile Island (Accident of the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant).However, this accident served to illustrate the effectiveness of the various safety measures that had been adopted in nuclear power plants. Radiation from the core of the reactor could not come out of the reactor due to the highly effective walls and no member of the public or personnel of the facility sustained even an injury.  Moreover, with the amount of subsequent research that was conducted after this accident, the possibility of the recurrence of such an incident is very remote. Considerable attention has been paid to recycling spent fuel and thereby reducing the amount of nuclear waste. In view of these facts the day is not far off when nuclear fuel will completely replace fossil fuels.ReferencesWhy use Nuclear Power? (2006, October 22). Retrieved May 3, 2007, from The Virtual Nuclear Tourist: http://www.nucleartourist.com/basics/reasons1.htm Nuclear Energy As the need for electricity increases through time, it's important to find options for future complications. Nuclear power has both negative and positive attributes in producing electrical energy. Despite the negative, I believe it's a good choice to make for when we can no longer depend on other sources such as natural gas because it is cheaper and more â€Å"green†. Of course, there are other sources that could also be considered such as wind power, solar power, or coal. In my opinion, these are not as superior as nuclear power for several reasons. As global warming becomes a bigger concern, options such as natural gas and coal are eliminated because of environmental hazards. This leaves wind power, solar power, and nuclear power. Wind power and solar power are not bad options. In fact, they are probably the smartest and most â€Å"green† inventions for producing electricity. Like most things, however, they have a few flaws. For example, in a CNBC news article, â€Å"Primer: Nuclear Power† it stated that wind power and solar power produces the least amount of energy for the highest price. Another article, â€Å"Nuclear Power is Nuclear† said wind power is not only expensive but also dangerous to birds. The article said a proximately 75,000- 250,000 birds die each year by crashing into the spinning generator! With knowing that both wind power and solar power are cost-defective and knowing that coal and natural gas is harmful to the environment, what makes nuclear energy so great? Well, from an economic standpoint, nuclear energy is the cheapest to produce and produces the most. Nuclear plants now produce electricity for 1. 76 cents per kilowatt-hour, compared to 2. 47 cents for coal or 6. 78 cents for natural gas. † (Primer: Nuclear Power). As for the environment and people, it is a very safe process (in most cases) and does not produce global warming. Some people, like me, might have corresponded nuclear weapons to nuclear energy, which might have put you to look at nuclear energy from a negative perspective. But knowing and understanding how it works, shows that it is safer then you may expect. However, if an accident would occur it wouldn't be very good because of radiation poisoning that could spread and can cause a lot of cancers and other defects and diseases. Although the chances of this happening are very small and hopefully through time safety will progress. With these facts and statistics, nuclear power shows a cleaner and cheaper way for producing electricity in the future. With nuclear energy only being 20% of our power, hopefully nuclear plants would increase as well as their safety.

Traditional vs Non Traditional

Robyn CampbellCampbell 1 English 101 Professor Beckham March 19, 2013 Traditional Students vs. Non Traditional Students A non traditional student will transition into college better than a traditional student due to allotted responsibility and independence on their part. A non traditional student has a more serious approach where as a traditional student lacks focus in their first steps as an adult. The demographic of a student has changed over the years. A college student is not typically eighteen years old and living in a dorm on campus anymore.A college student is over the age of twenty five and a single parent in some cases. They have family and financial obligations and possibly a full time job. Some may not even possess a high school diploma, but a GED. Both traditional and non traditional students have responsibilities outside of college. While the majority of students right out of high school will likely only have a part time job, students twenty five and older will be juggli ng far more. A traditional student will continue to live with parents and not worry too much financially.As a non traditional student, not only will most have a full time job, but a family to care for, a mortgage, and a car payment on top of the class and homework time. It is estimated that only 13% of younger students are currently working vs. 60% of non traditional students (ACSFA 17). Although young adults have less baggage entering into college, they tend to think more socially and independent than academically. This brings up the topic of reputation. As a non traditional student, starting college can be frightening.Most older students are friendly, but outgoing and wanting to make friends with everyone in class is not top priority on the list. As a young adult transitions from high school, a social atmosphere, college is considered to be no different. Some students from certain high schools will attend the same college so social hour continues. As far as a non traditional stude nt, grades are more important than making a best friend or being invited to parties. As a younger student, social life could set you back. As an older student, this has already been achieved and allows for more participation due to more life experience.There are challenges in life that can throw anyone off the right track. Unfortunately, adding college into the mix only makes it that much harder. Challenges can be very much related to responsibility and how a student is affected socially. Non traditional students worry about not fitting in where traditional students worry more about making it to class on time, wether even at all. As a student returning to college after several years, there is anxiety and a fear that this is the last chance to make something of yourself.If you just got out of high school, chances are there was hardly any studying going on there, so why start now? At the same time an older student needs to juggle school, a job, and family, a younger student needs to j uggle school, a job, and maintain a social life. As a young adult, the social life is what is the most distracting, leading to missed classes and poor grades. Transitioning from high school to college can be just as difficult as being out of high school for several years and starting college. Independence is the key part of starting college.As a young adult, this means adjusting to your own schedule and now being able to do as you please. As an older adult, this means more responsibility added to the list. Age difference will determine on adjusting to college. Some will argue that the young crowd is very immature. They may adjust socially, but they do not see this as an adult experience. Arriving on time may have been a slap on the wrist in the past, but what they don't realize is now it's nothing but time and money. Someone who has had independence for longer than a year is going to see college similar to having started a career already.Focusing in class and on assignments is harde r for a traditional student than a non traditional student. After taking care of social time at night, a younger student is less likely to come to class, let alone pay attention. Due to lack of time because of the overwhelming feeling of too much going on, young adults take less time to complete assignments to the best of their ability. As a non traditional student, school comes first. Good grades are important and attendance is needed to maintain the required academic standards.The only thing on a young students mind is getting by with the bare minimum and getting a job somewhere. Students who have spent most of their working days at a dead end job, barely supporting themselves and their family are looking for a career to help them adjust to the economy as it changes frequently. Focus goes along with how a student does academically. Although some may say, non traditional students have less time to study, traditional students make it less of a priority. To do well academically, stud y time is required. Time management is very important to achieve this on top of all other aspects of life.A non-traditional student does not have the luxury of wasting time. This is a time to learn and may be their last time to work hard and have a decent career. The government offers financial aid to almost everyone. Parents of this past generation have made sure they went to college themselves and were able to provide for their children. Several scholarships during high school are given out. That is not the case for older, more independent students. There isn't a free ride involved when you go back to college after years of working a full time job.In Marion Bowl's, Experiencing the barriers: non-traditional students entering higher education, she states that these financial hurdles delay the progress of non traditional students (p. 157). There isn't any help from parents. As an older adult, realizing the amount of money that is being used for your education and knowing it will com e out of your pocket wether now or in the future, makes it that much more important to do well. It is not fun to pay for college later on and have nothing to show for it. With the continued help of our college professors and mentors, non traditional students will do better than they are now in school.Doing things the old fashion way may be the route taken, but it allows for proper learning, reading, and writing. Taking a short cut just to get the work done does not necessarily mean a good grade or a future career. Works Cited Bowl, Marion. â€Å"Experiencing the barriers: non traditional students entering higher education. † Research Papers and Education 16. 2 (2001): pp. 141-160. Web. 10 March 2013. Advisor Committee on Student Financial Assistance. Pathways to Success. Washington D. C. Advisor Committee. 2012. Print.

Compare and contrast the ways in which Carol Ann Duffy presents female characters

Compare and contrast the ways in which Carol Ann Duffy presents female characters in ‘The World's Wife'. The Worlds Wife is a joyous collection of poems about women which was published in 1999, which are given a voice in society as the original stories/myths gave women no say. The poems features biblical, mythical and historical which are very well known. All the poems are dramatic monologues in a feminist approach. Most poems are seen as witty, interesting and hilarious.The main themes shown in ‘The Worlds Wife’ are marriage, homosexuality, birth and relationships In the poems Delilah and Red Cap, we explore the themes female dominance, determination and manipulation, as they go to desperate measures to get what they want. In Little Red Cap Duffy presents presents how young female characters will go to unimaginable measures to get what they need. ‘sweet sixteen, never been, babe, waif, bought me a drink’ The vulnerability and courage she has to get wh at she wants, that Little Red Cap needs to know the wolfs tricks and tips for her own career.In Delilah Duffy also presents how she needs to go through certain strengths and certain actions to be able get her way and manipulate him ‘He fucked me again until he was sore’. Duffy shows in order for Delilah to get what she wants she needs to give her knowledge in love and ‘how to care’. Also the reader has acknowledgement of how it relates to the biblical story. Delilah and Little Red Cap both show that the female gains power, as the poems show verse gender roles. The reader explores how in both poems Delilah and Little Red Cap have to hurt their lover in some way.‘I took an axe to the wolf as he slept, one chop, scrotum to throat’. This quote is shows how Little Red Cap is now independent and does not need a man to be able to live a good life, also the quote shows the wolf had no compassion to help Little Red Cap and she had now realised this afte r ‘10 years’, also in Delilah Duffy presents how Delilah now has power to make her lover feel equal and to be just as strong as she is. ‘Then with passionate deliberate hands I cut every lock of his hair.’The biblical story of Delilah and Samson tells how Delilah betrayed Samson by cutting his hair, as the hair gave Samson the power he needed to be able to fight against the beasts, Duffy presents this point in a different view, from Delilah’s side and how she thought what she was doing was actually benefiting him, as Samson wanted to care and be afraid. Duffy gives Delilah an innocent, loving character twisting what actually happens in Delilah and Samson. In both poems ‘Little Red Cap’ and ‘Delilah’ they both cut something of their lovers body, showing that the women have gained power by mentally and physically hurting the men.In the poems ‘Mrs Rip Van Winkle’ & ‘Penelope’ Duffy explores how woman c an enjoy and be fulfilled without male presence. ‘Mrs Rip Van Winkle’ can finally relax and be herself ‘I sank like a stone†¦and gave up exercise’ Duffy adds humour with light comedy housewives can relate to. The quote shows how ‘Mrs Rip Van Winkle’ can now indulge and let herself go, as she doesn’t have anyone to impress. Her husband sleeps and she is free from having to please him.. ‘And while he slept I found some hobbies for myself Painting. Seeing the sights I’d always dreamed about.’ Duffy emphasises’ how before when Mr Rip Van Winkle was awake, he had dominance over her, as she delicately picked the verb ‘dreamed’ as the male had been very dominant before falling asleep not giving her opportunities she would have thought to be able to do when she had been married. Her husband sounds like a very boring man that views women as objects as she had no way of travelling the world until he was fast asleep. In contrast Penelope starts off with needing male companionship and ending with independence and lost love.‘At first I looked along the road hoping to see him saunter home’ Duffy makes Penelope a dependent, loving female who has devoted her life to her husband as she cannot live without him. ‘At first’ implies that Penelope will later on give up on waiting for her husband, and that she will find something else to do that is wiser with her time. The fast that Carol Ann Duffy uses ‘hoping’ shows that her lover isn’t coming back home any time soon, or she would have used a verb that made the audience more certain. We see as the poem goes on that Penelope starts to gain self-fulfilment by creating a hobby for her in order to forget her husband.‘Thinking to amuse myself†¦running after childhood’s bouncing ball’ Penelope now has the freedom to finally do what she wants to like Mrs Rip Van Winkle by being creative and not having a male companion. Penelope uses her skill of embroidery as an escape for not worrying or caring about her husband, she finally feels free and liberated, which shows how her husband had affected her lifestyle. In both poems ‘Anne Hathaway and ‘The Devils’ Wife’ we see how women can be in such awe by their male equivalent that they are misguided by the flaws every other person can see.In Anne Hathaway, Shakespeare’s wife feels so grateful for something that is pretty normal and not much of a gift to other people. ‘my widows head as he held me upon that next best bed’ The humour in this poem is seen as a significant concept as of how love-struck Anne Hathaway is seen in Carol Ann Duffy’s view of Shakespeare’s fancy gift to his wife. Duffy represents Anne Hathaway as quite a delusional character and who is not smart enough to realise how much of an uncaring person Shakespeare is towards her.‘In â⠂¬ËœAnne Hathaway', readers are shown that Hathaway, the suppressed and often forgotten wife of play write William Shakespeare, is content with being left his ‘second best bed' in Shakespeare's will. As well as in ‘The devils Wife’ we are shown how much Myra Hindley will do to be able to catch and feel Ian Brady’s love. ‘I’d lay on my bed at home, on fire for him. ’ Even though she knew what her morals were, just for Ian she would go to such extremes to be respected and loved by him, even if her dignity was lost and was seen as disgusting she had done it in awe of her lover Ian Brady.She is not remorseful as she knows Ian Brady is her lover, so she becomes very submissive and looks up to him in awe. In conclusion the main themes expressed in Carol Ann Duffys ‘The Worlds Wife’ are linked with her views on feminism and how Women should be just as equal to Men, emphasising how Females need a voice in society too, Carol Ann Duff y uses humour and factual reference to get the reader’s attention. [1]- â€Å"Small Female Skull: Patriarchy and Philosophy In the Poetry of Carol Ann Duffy† in the Poetry of Carol Ann Duffy ‘Choosing Tough Words' edited by Angelica Michelis and Antony Rowland.

HAL, Inc. is a major manufacturer of computers and computer components Essay

HAL, Inc. is a major manufacturer of computers and computer components. In one of their plants they made printed circuit boards (PCB’s), which were used by other plants in the company in a variety of computer products. The basic process runs 3 shifts per day and it can be briefly depicted by following flow diagram Optical Test-internal Pro-Coat Copper plate Drilling Optical Test- external End of line test Sizing Machining Lamination core Treater procMess Internal circuitize Lamination composite External circuitize The targeted output for the plant is 3000 boards per day, five days a week, with plant running three shifts per day. But the plant has been failed to reach and maintain the targeted throughput at a steady rate due to manufacturing complexities associated with the product mix. It was also found that, the output of the pro-coat process is very slow (1200 boards/day) compared to the expected throughput and therefore Hal has to engage a vendor on the pro- coat process to fulfil the demand. This engagement of vendor has caused increase in cost per board and two days delay because of shipping up and back. So the Hal is striving to increase the throughput of the pro-coat process and the purpose of this case study is to provide some guidance to them in their effort by giving some recommendations to improve the existing system. Floor arrangement and the work flow of the pro-coat process Daily demand = 3000 boards Working hours = 24- (Breaks + Lunch + shift change + Meeting) = 24-(20X2X3+40X3+10X3+90/5) = 19.2 hrs Demand= 3000/(19.2X60) = 2.604 boards/min Assumption; 1. Demand = Arrival rate (ra=2.604 boards/min) 2. Arrival pattern exponentially distributed (Ca2=1) Machine Name| Mean process (load) time (min)| Std. Dev. Process Time (min)| Trip Time (conveyor) (min)| MTBF (hr)| MTTR (hr)| Setup time (min)| Availability| Number of machines| Rate per day| Clean| 0.33| 0| 15| 80| 4| 0| 0.95238| 1| 3325| Coat 1| 0.33| 0| 15| 80| 4| 0| 0.95238| 1| 3325| Coat 2| 0.33| 0| 15| 80| 4| 0| 0.95238| 1| 3325| Expose| 103| 67| 0| 300| 10| 15| 0.96774| 5| 2834| Develop| 0.33| 0| 2.67| 300| 3| 0| 0.99010| 1| 3456| Inspect| 0.5| 0.5| 0| 0| 0| 0| 1.00000| 2| 4608| Bake| 0.33| 0| 100| 300| 3| 0| 0.99010| 1| 3456| MI| 161| 64| 0| 0| 0| 0| 1.00000| 8| 3435| Touchup| 9| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| 1.00000| 1| 7680| Once analysed the Hal pro coat process, the expose work station (highlighted in above table) has been found as bottle neck operation under the 19.2 working hour situation. But the company goal is to achieve 3000 boards per day. If the company operate under the optimum condition, 2,834 boards could be produces, which is still below the company goal. According to the given data in the case was deeply analysed as follow. Assumption: Inspection and MI are manual operations. So number of work benchers has been considered as 8 in MI operation and 2 in inspection work station. It could be possible to eliminate the bottleneck situation by adding resource (No of operators). 1. Cleaning Effective processing time (te) = t0A = 0.33/0.95238 = 0.3465 min Utilization (u) = rax te = 2.604 X 0.3465 = 0.902 Ce2= C02+1+Cr2A(1-A)mrt0 Ce2= o+1+00.95238(1-0.95238)2400.33 = 32.98 Departure rate; Cd2=u2Ce2+(1-u2)Ca2 = 0.9022x 32.98+1-0.9022x 1 = 27.019 cd2 =27.019 2. Coat 1 Similarly, Effective processing time (te) = 0.3465 min Utilization = 0.902 Ce2= C02+1+Cr2A(1-A)mrt0 ce 2 =32.98 Cd2=u2Ce2+(1-u2)Ca2 = 0.9022x 32.98+1-0.9022x 27.019 cd2=31.87 3. Coat 2 Similarly, Effective processing time (te) = 0.3465 min Utilization = 0.902 Ce2= C02+1+Cr2A(1-A)mrt0 ce2 =32.98 Cd2=u2Ce2+(1-u2)Ca2 = 0.9022x 32.98+1-0.9022x 31.87 cd2=32.77 4. Coating and expose Since the coating 2 processing rate greater than the arrival rate of the pro- coat system. Arrival rate of the expose machine govern by the arrival rate of pro-coat system Expose machine calculations based on jobs (60 boards = 1 job) Arrival rate =2.604/60 =0.0434 jobs/min Buffer size = 05 Blocking size = (buffer size + maximum jobs in expose machines) = 5 + 5 b = 10 ra=0.0434 Ca2=32.77 Coating 2 Expose = 10 Preemptive outages; Effective processing time (te) = t0A = 103/0.9677 = 106.43 min Assumption; Number of boards between setups = 120 Total effective processing time (Preemptive and Non-preemptive outages); (te) = t0A+tsNsx job size = 1.720.9677+15120x 60 = 114.14 min Assumption – Standard deviation for repair = 0 min (constant distribution) Preemptive outage variance = ÏÆ'02A2+(mr2+ÏÆ'r2)(1-A)t0Amr =672.96772+6002+01-0.9677Ãâ€"1030.9677Ãâ€"600 = 6856.43 Preemptive outage SCV Ce2= C02+1+Cr2A(1-A)mrt0 = 6721032+1+0x0.9677Ãâ€"1-.9677Ãâ€"600103 =0.6052 Assumption- No variation in setups (constant distribution) Total variance (preemptive + non-preemptive outage) = ÏÆ'02+ÏÆ's2Ns+(Ns-1)Ns2ts2 = 6856.43+0+(120-1)1202152 =6858.29 SCV for expose(preemptive + non-preemptive outage) = =Ce2= ÏÆ'e2te2 = 6858.29114.142 = 0.526 Utilization for expose = raxtem = 0.0434Ãâ€"114.145 =0.99 Arrival SCV for batch = Arrival SCV for individual part/batch size = 32.7760 = 0.546 U