Multinational Banks Global Financial Crisis -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Multinational Banks Global Financial Crisis? Answer: Introducation The worldwide financial crisis that was brewing for quite some time actually began to show its influence during the middle of the year 2007 and thereafter into the year 2008. Due to the global financial crisis (GFC) the stock markets around the world dipped, huge financial institutions buckled or were sold out, and governments of even the wealthy nations also had to introduce recovery packages in order to bail out financial systems in their country. People are of the view that the ones accountable for the financial difficulty are essentially the ones who were being bailed out, whilst contrarily, a worldwide financial crisis might perhaps affect the living of almost each and every person in an ever more inter-connected earth. In this way, the crisis can be said to be closely associated to balance sheets right the way through the nation for mainly financial institutions, for every households and for governing bodies. This global financial crisis (GFC) during the yeat 2008 can be regard ed as a big event in the entire history of global economy. Subprime mortgage crisis In essence this could be easily observed in subprime mortgage crisis. However, in normal circumstance, subprime mortgage would not be carried out at all. One needs to possess adequate collateral at the time of lending a mortgage in order to shield oneself from any probable financial risks in case if the property holder defaulted. Nevertheless, people intended to gather more money and entered into the riskier arena of subprime mortgage. It was a very risky affair that could straightforwardly go wrong. In its place, it can be observed that everyone did enter into that risky business (Haas and Lelyveld 2014). There were topical shocks that affected the macro economy that in turn led to the global financial crisis. The first major blow and the macroeconomic shock was the intense decline in the housing prices. During the decade that led to the year 2006, prices of houses increased fast by over and above 30% during the next 3 years. Fuelled by the low rate of interest during the late 1990s early 2000s, and by ever-loosened standards of lending, this prices enhanced between the year 1996 and the year 2006 at a mean rate of approximately 10% every year. Economic gains were considerably larger in certain coastal areas namely Boston, San Francisco, Los Angeles as well as New York. Strikingly, the overall national index for particularly housing prices recorded in the United States decreased by nearly 31.6% during the period 2006 and 2009 (Vazquez and Federico 2015). Analysis of this huge rise and fall in the prices of the housing brings us to the answer and helps in understanding the severe finan cial turmoil worldwide. The graph below shows that the sub prime lending sections considerably allowed mortgages at high level of loan to valuation ratio. Worldwide Saving Glut Attracted by the low rate of interest linked to the worldwide saving glut, huge number of borrowers went for mortgages, and possibly believed that housing prices would persistently increase. Huge numbers of borrowers however took out mortgages and bought homes between the period 2000 and 2006. In essence, these numbers primarily include higher number of loan applications that did not satisfy the mainstream standards owing to the poor credit records or else high level of debt to income ratio. However, against this background, after two years of enormously low rate of interest, the Federal Reserve started to enhance the target of fed funds and the rate that was charged for basically overnight loans mainly between banks. Primarily, between the period 2004 and 2006, the Federal Reserve increased the rate from nearly 1.25% to nearly 5.25% due to concerns regarding rise in inflation (Ang et al. 2015). Essentially, this was a reasonable strategy as per the Taylor Rule, the rates of interest were low in the previous years and the Fed increased them to particularly a feasible stage. In a specific environment with sub-prime mortgage facing several mortgages where rates were moving from basically low teaser rates to very high market rates, the impact of the housing prices was even sterner (Bntrix et al. 2015). The graph below shows the increase in the value of the debt to particularly the value of the housing stock. As per the reports published, approximately 16% of the subprime mortgages with adjustable rates were registered to be default. Ever since that time, the issue has spiralled since low prices of housing led to defaults, and this lowered prices of housing even in a more vicious cycle. The genesis of the present financial crisis also has its source to certain extent to the global financial crisis that happened a decade age. Claessens and Kodres (2014) noted that financial turmoil during the 1990s created a significant shift and transformation in particularly the macroeconomics of several developing nations, mainly in Asia. Essentially, prior to the period of crisis, many of the nations had experienced trade as well as current account deficits and they were investing considerably more than what they were saving. In essence, this investment was primarily funded by way of borrowing from around the world. This necessarily led to steep decline in the rates of lending from around the world, sharp decrease in the currency values and their entire stock market and recessions. However, after this crisis, these nations enhanced their savings considerably and decreased their foreign borrowings and in place became large lenders to the entire world particularly to the United Sta tes. Rey (2015) argued that this role reversal generated a worldwide saving glut in which capital markets in several advanced nations were soaked in extra saving for excellent investment opportunities. Fundamentally, this investments demand contributed towards increasing asset markets particularly in the United States, counting the stock market as well as the housing market. In actual fact what occurred was mainly by means of creation of several mortgage-backed securities. Securitization As rightly put forward by Greenglass et al. (2014), in order to comprehend the financial turmoil, it is important to take into consideration a global innovation that is referred to as securitization. Securitization is primarily founded on a huge extent on the assumption that a huge proportion of the mortgages will necessarily not go bad all at once. Essentially, after the entire history of the housing price bubble, there were regions that necessarily experiences huge decline in the housing market. At the time when the Federal Reserve experienced rise in the rates of interest, even more number of sub-prime mortgages happened and prices of housing decreased nation -wide and this in turn led to more number of defaults. Baylis et al. (2017) noted that securitization did not protect financiers from particularly aggregate risk. Since complicated financial instruments were generated and traded, this became quite difficult to understand the extent of exposure a specific individual bank had t o specific risks of this kind. Particularly, in the year 2007, there were forces that necessarily acted and banks roughly increased the rates of interest that banks levied one another. In case if a bank A considers that bank B is supported by huge number of bad mortgages, then in that case it can demand a premium for lending money or might perhaps decide to stop lending at all. Subsequently, the specific spread that existed between T yields as well as interbank rates of lending increased significantly. However, once this particular crisis developed, these rates increased to around 3.5% and the overall amount of lending decreased leading to crisis of liquidity. Movement in oil prices As correctly mentioned by Baylis et al. (2017), decrease in the prices of housing as well as the global financial crisis were not adequate, the entire world also suffered from huge movements in the prices of oil. Possibility of reoccurrence of GFC As regards, the repetition of the financial crisis it can be said that certainly, there might occur another boom as well as bust however the specifics might possibly be different. History is necessarily stuffed with bubbles along with crashes and this reflects that it is quite inevitable since each generation tends to forgets and has the need to relearn all the lessons of the earlier period. Opportunely, in the post-GFC situation observed so far, no wide-based bubbles on the entire scale of essentially tech boom or else US housing/credit rumble can be seen. In essence, E-commerce stocks such as Facebook together with Amazon can be considered as candidates, however they can be observed anywhere near the profits that were observed during the tech boom of the late 1990s (Baylis et al. 2017). It can be hereby observed that the worldwide debt has increased to high level in comparison to the worldwide GDP. Nevertheless, as the graph shows above there is increase in debt. However, higher levels of debt do not necessarily mean financial crisis. But it can be seen to trend upward for decades and much of the higher rate of growth of debt in different developed nations during the period of post worldwide financial crisis can be seen in the public debt and interest burdens of debt can be observed to be low due to lower rates of interest (Claessens and Kodres 2014). Scale and impact of GFC in economies of different countries including own nation There are many who believe that Asia was sufficiently decoupled from particularly the Western financial system. Asia did not suffer from the sub-prime mortgage crisis just like many of the nations of the West. However, it did face certain knock on impacts and had higher exposure to issues generated from specifically the West. There were Asian nations that have witnessed their stock markets to suffer and faced deceleration of currency value. India and China that are among the fastest developing nations also faced sharp slowdown. India developed by a monstrous 9% during 2007-08, however during 2009 the rate declined to 7.1%. Similarly, China also slowed down to 8.1%. Again, in Europe as well several leading financial institutions botched. The economy of Iceland that was hugely dependent on particularly finance sector faced severe economic issues due to the GFC (Ang et al. 2015). However, the causes and the consequences of the global financial crisis can be discussed with special emphasis on the nation Australia. It can be hereby stated that the most obvious influence of the global financial crisis on majority of the Australian households was the sharp decrease in the prices of equity that subsequently reduced the Australian household wealth by approximately 10% during 2009. Nonetheless, ever since the period of trough in particularly the equity market, the regional market managed to recover over half of the decrease by the closing of the period 2009. Essentially, the value of the Australian dollar also started to depreciate fast as the financial crisis started to intensity, decreasing by more than 30% from the period of 2008. During the period of bankruptcy of the company Lehman Brothers,, situations in the entire foreign exchange was mainly illiquid that led to the intervention of the Reserve Bank of Australia and enhancement of the liquidity (Claessens and Kodres 2014). Ever since the period of 2009, as worries and fears among the minds of the people were in check, the Australian currency began to recover, replicating the comparable strength of the entire Australian economy. The credit markets have also proved to be very much resilient than several other nations that subsequently directed towards comparatively less amount of government intervention in Australia. Regulatory Responses Policy makers around the world have intended to correct the damage in the financial system as well as economies by way of enacting several financial reforms both at the global as well as domestic level. Some of the significant reforms include adoption of the Basel III (requirements for capital) counting a countercyclical buffer of capital along with a surcharge for internationally significant financial institutions (that is G-SIFI). This reflects the first worldwide attempt to establish a macro prudential tool. Reforms also include arriving at the agreement on particularly one out of two envisaged standards of liquidity (that is to say the Liquidity Coverage Ratio) (Ang et al. 2015). Some advancement was also made in the process of lessening too-big-to-fail by recognition of the G-SIFI as well as domestically crucial banks, higher necessity of the capital adequacy, intense scrutiny. Again, principles for the purpose of appropriate compensation practices were also adopted for averting perverse incentives for risk taking. In conclusion it can be said that this current study helps in understanding the fact that global financial crisis can be considered as the most important incident after the Great Depression of the year 1929. It is necessarily considered by economists as the worst financial crisis since the period of Great Depression. This current study elucidates the fact that this financial crisis started with the sub prime mortgage crisis that subsequently translated into transnational banking crisis and magnified the financial influence internationally. References Ang, A., Masulis, R.W., Pham, P.K. and Zein, J., 2015. Internal Capital Markets in Family Business Groups During the Global Financial Crisis. Baylis, J., Owens, P. and Smith, S. eds., 2017.The globalization of world politics: An introduction to international relations. Oxford University Press. Bntrix, A.S., Lane, P.R. and Shambaugh, J.C., 2015. International currency exposures, valuation effects and the global financial crisis.Journal of International Economics,96, pp.S98-S109. Claessens, S. and Kodres, L.E., 2014. The regulatory responses to the global financial crisis: Some uncomfortable questions. Greenglass, E., Antonides, G., Christandl, F., Foster, G., Katter, J.K., Kaufman, B.E. and Lea, S.E., 2014. The financial crisis and its effects: Perspectives from economics and psychology.Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics,50, pp.10-12. Haas, R. and Lelyveld, I., 2014. Multinational banks and the global financial crisis: Weathering the perfect storm?.Journal of Money, Credit and Banking,46(s1), pp.333-364. Rey, H., 2015.Dilemma not trilemma: the global financial cycle and monetary policy independence(No. w21162). National Bureau of Economic Research. Vazquez, F. and Federico, P., 2015. Bank funding structures and risk: Evidence from the global financial crisis.Journal of banking finance,61, pp.1-14.